But then there is also the case of Mikhail Khodorkovsky, once Russia’s richest man, who returned to Russia in 2003 only to disappear behind bars for a decade. [276] By the end of 1920, 84 camps had been established across Soviet Russia, holding about 50,000 prisoners; by October 1923, this had grown to 315 camps and about 70,000 inmates. He did not question old Marxist scripture, he merely commented, and the comments have become a new scripture. He believed that competition and conflict would increase and that war between the imperialist powers would continue until they were overthrown by proletariat revolution and socialism established. [95] Lenin disliked Paris, lambasting it as "a foul hole", and while there he sued a motorist who knocked him off his bike. [143] Lenin then headed by train and by foot to Finland, arriving at Helsinki on 10 August, where he hid away in safe houses belonging to Bolshevik sympathisers. [361] Lenin termed this "state capitalism",[362] and many Bolsheviks thought it to be a betrayal of socialist principles. [348] During the famine, Patriarch Tikhon called on Orthodox churches to sell unnecessary items to help feed the starving, an action endorsed by the government. [68] To evade Bavarian police, Lenin moved to London with Iskra in April 1902. He joined a revolutionary cell bent on assassinating the Tsar and was selected to construct a bomb. [37], In late 1893, Lenin moved to Saint Petersburg. [489] Adopting an amoral stance, in Lenin's view the end always justified the means;[490] according to Service, Lenin's "criterion of morality was simple: does a certain action advance or hinder the cause of the Revolution? [96] Lenin became very critical of Bogdanov's view that Russia's proletariat had to develop a socialist culture in order to become a successful revolutionary vehicle. [216] Lenin also disagreed with the Left Communists about economic organisation; in June 1918, he argued that centralised economic control of industry was needed, whereas Left Communists wanted each factory to be controlled by its workers, a syndicalist approach that Lenin considered detrimental to the cause of socialism. Here, he predicted that Russia's liberal bourgeoisie would be sated by a transition to constitutional monarchy and thus betray the revolution; instead he argued that the proletariat would have to build an alliance with the peasantry to overthrow the Tsarist regime and establish the "provisional revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry. [50], In February 1897, Lenin was sentenced without trial to three years' exile in eastern Siberia. The Constituent Assembly was declared dissolved by the Bolshevik-Left SR Soviet government, rendering the end the term served. [350] Tikhon opposed the sale of items used within the Eucharist and many clergy resisted the appropriations, resulting in violence. [334] There, he encouraged foreign delegates to emulate the Bolsheviks' seizure of power, and abandoned his longstanding viewpoint that capitalism was a necessary stage in societal development, instead encouraging those nations under colonial occupation to transform their pre-capitalist societies directly into socialist ones. [118] He attended the Zimmerwald Conference in September 1915 and the Kienthal Conference in April 1916,[119] urging socialists across the continent to convert the "imperialist war" into a continent-wide "civil war" with the proletariat pitted against the bourgeoisie and aristocracy. [298] Anti-Bolshevik armies carried out the White Terror, a campaign of violence against perceived Bolshevik supporters which was typically more spontaneous than the state-sanctioned Red Terror. They were followed by three more children, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878). Namun, hingga kini siapa pun masih bisa melihat jasad asli pemimpin pertama Uni Soviet ini yang diawetkan di Moskow, tepatnya di Mausoleum Lenin. Involved in political agitation against the absolute monarchy of the reactionary Tsar Alexander III, Alexander studied the writings of banned leftists and organised anti-government protests. [433] He believed that all workers throughout the country would voluntarily join together to enable the state's economic and political centralisation. [422], Against Krupskaya's protestations, Lenin's body was embalmed to preserve it for long-term public display in the Red Square mausoleum. Long story short, DiCaprio does not look Slavic, at least not in an identifiable sense, and either does Lenin. [312], After the German Ober Ost garrisons were withdrawn from the Eastern Front following the Armistice, both Soviet Russian armies and Polish ones moved in to fill the vacuum. Two factions formed at the Congress: the Bolshevik (from the Russian word for “larger”) with Lenin as the leader and the Menshevik (from the Russian word for “smaller”) with L. Martov at the head. [63] Under this pseudonym, he published the political pamphlet What Is to Be Done? Street fighting is raging, barricades are being thrown up, rifles are cracking, guns are booming. [346] To aid the famine victims, the US government established an American Relief Administration to distribute food;[347] Lenin was suspicious of this aid and had it closely monitored. [329] Accordingly, the Bolsheviks dominated proceedings,[330] with Lenin subsequently authoring a series of regulations that meant that only socialist parties endorsing the Bolsheviks' views were permitted to join Comintern. [398], In Lenin's absence, Stalin had begun consolidating his power both by appointing his supporters to prominent positions,[399] and by cultivating an image of himself as Lenin's closest intimate and deserving successor. "[433] According to Volkogonov, Lenin "deeply and sincerely" believed that the path he was setting Russia on would ultimately lead to the establishment of this communist society. [203] Zhenotdel, a Bolshevik women's organisation, was established to further these aims. [311] In other cases, the Red Army suppressed secessionist movements; by 1921 they had defeated the Ukrainian national movements and occupied the Caucasus, although fighting in Central Asia lasted until the late 1920s. Vuoi approfondire Storia Contemporanea con un Tutor esperto. "[520] White described Lenin as "one of the undeniably outstanding figures of modern history",[521] while Service noted that the Russian leader was widely understood to be one of the 20th century's "principal actors. [92] As the Tsarist government cracked down on opposition, both by disbanding Russia's legislative assembly, the Second Duma, and by ordering its secret police, the Okhrana, to arrest revolutionaries, Lenin fled Finland for Switzerland. Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. "[568] In Ukraine, during and after the 2013–14 Euromaidan protests, thousands of Lenin statues were damaged or destroyed by protesters who viewed them as a symbol of Russian imperialism,[569] and in April 2015 the Ukrainian government ordered that all others be dismantled to comply with decommunisation laws. Recognising that these dissidents could cause problems for their Russian enemies, the German government agreed to permit 32 Russian citizens to travel in a sealed train carriage through their territory, among them Lenin and his wife. [467] Similarly, Volkogonov believed that "by the very force of his personality, [Lenin] had an influence over people. He organised a plan with other dissidents to negotiate a passage for them through Germany, with whom Russia was then at war. [438] In this way, his calls for "workers' control" of the means of production referred not to the direct control of enterprises by their workers, but the operation of all enterprises under the control of a "workers' state. Inoltre, la Germania erogò un finanziamento di decine di milioni di marchi verso i conti correnti del partito di Lenin da febbraio a novembre 1917: in cambio, una volta arrivato al potere in Russia, Lenin avrebbe firmato un trattato di pace coi tedeschi, cosa che effettivamente accadrà nel 1918 col Trattato di Brest-Litovsk. [448], Lenin was an internationalist and a keen supporter of world revolution, deeming national borders to be an outdated concept and nationalism a distraction from class struggle. [290] The Whites were also backed by Western governments who perceived the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a betrayal of the Allied war effort and feared the Bolsheviks' calls for world revolution. [79], In January 1905, the Bloody Sunday massacre of protesters in St. Petersburg sparked a spate of civil unrest in the Russian Empire known as the Revolution of 1905. [146] Both the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries had lost much popular support because of their affiliation with the Provisional Government and its unpopular continuation of the war. [5] According to historian Petrovsky-Shtern, it is likely that Lenin was unaware of his mother's half-Jewish ancestry, which was only discovered by his sister Anna after his death. "[511] The Bolshevik leader believed that other European countries, especially Germany, were culturally superior to Russia,[512] describing the latter as "one of the most benighted, medieval and shamefully backward of Asian countries. Lenin believed that Russia must end its participation in the war so that the nation could focus on building a communist state based on the ideas of Karl Marx, a German philosopher who lived in the mid-1800s. Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR, League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, August 1918 telegram to the Bolsheviks of Penza, Emergency Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly, execution of the former Tsar and his immediate family, various revolutionary socialist uprisings, Second Congress of the Communist International, "Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin, from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs, List of places named after Vladimir Lenin, 100 most important people of the 20th century, Russian Centre for the Preservation and Study of Documents of Recent History, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, National delimitation in the Soviet Union, "Goodbye, Lenin: Ukraine moves to ban communist symbols", "Lenin Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow", "Mongolia capital Ulan-Bator removes Lenin statue", "Ukraine crisis: Lenin statues toppled in protest", Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Newsreels about Vladimir Lenin // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive, Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism, The Right of Nations to Self-Determination, The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky, Political Administration of the Ministry of Defence, General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia, League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad, Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks, Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia, Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia, Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia, Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War, Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, 12th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), International League of Peoples' Struggle, International League of Religious Socialists, From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs, List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation, Crimes against humanity under communist regimes, 11th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 10th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 9th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Lenin&oldid=1002937543, Heads of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members, Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union members, Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Switzerland, Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany, Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom, Articles containing Russian-language text, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Semantic Scholar author identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 26 January 2021, at 18:32. This means that the ruling class, the proletariat, if it only wishes to rule and is to rule, must demonstrate this also with its military organization. [159] Lenin and many other Bolsheviks expected proletariat revolution to sweep across Europe in days or months. [380] Twenty-six physicians were hired to help Lenin during his final years; many of them were foreign and had been hired at great expense. [527] Among sympathisers, he was portrayed as having made a genuine adjustment of Marxist theory that enabled it to suit Russia's particular socio-economic conditions. [53] Settling into a family life with Nadya's mother Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye the couple translated English socialist literature into Russian. in 1902; his most influential publication to date, it dealt with Lenin's thoughts on the need for a vanguard party to lead the proletariat to revolution. [15] Among his siblings, Lenin was closest to his sister Olga, whom he often bossed around; he had an extremely competitive nature and could be destructive, but usually admitted his misbehaviour. "[476] Similarly, Bertrand Russell felt that Lenin exhibited "unwavering faith—religious faith in the Marxian gospel. [93] There, he tried to exchange those banknotes stolen in Tiflis that had identifiable serial numbers on them. [152] This was the base of the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), an armed militia largely loyal to the Bolsheviks that had been established by the Petrograd Soviet during Kornilov's alleged coup. [121] Her death deeply affected him, and he became depressed, fearing that he too would die before seeing the proletarian revolution. [487] He refused to change his opinions, until he rejected them completely, after which he would treat the new view as if it was just as unchangeable. "[451] He was annoyed at what he perceived as a lack of conscientiousness and discipline among the Russian people, and from his youth had wanted Russia to become more culturally European and Western. Various Bolsheviks expressed their suspicions about Malinovsky to Lenin, although it is unclear if the latter was aware of the spy's duplicity; it is possible that he used Malinovsky to feed false information to the Okhrana. [201] To combat mass illiteracy, a literacy campaign was initiated; an estimated 5 million people enrolled in crash courses of basic literacy from 1920 to 1926. [496] He was also fond of pets,[497] in particular cats. Russia 1918 to 1921. [540] Historian J. Arch Getty remarked, "Lenin deserves a lot of credit for the notion that the meek can inherit the earth, that there can be a political movement based on social justice and equality. [151] The party began plans to organise the offensive, holding a final meeting at the Smolny Institute on 24 October. Annulla sottoscrizione. Under his administration, Russia, and later the Soviet Union, became a one-party Marxist–Leninist state governed by the Soviet Communist Party. [289] The Whites were bolstered when 35,000 members of the Czech Legion, who were prisoners of war from the conflict with the Central Powers, turned against Sovnarkom and allied with the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch), an anti-Bolshevik government established in Samara. A controversial and highly divisive historical figure, Lenin is viewed by supporters as a champion of socialism and the working class while critics on both the left and right emphasise his role as founder and leader of an authoritarian regime responsible for political repression and mass killings. [331] During the first conference, Lenin spoke to the delegates, lambasting the parliamentary path to socialism espoused by revisionist Marxists like Kautsky and repeating his calls for a violent overthrow of Europe's bourgeoisie governments. [376], Lenin was seriously ill by the latter half of 1921,[377] suffering from hyperacusis, insomnia, and regular headaches. [341] They were angered by Trotsky's suggestion that the trade unions be eliminated. [403], The most significant political division between the two emerged during the Georgian Affair. "[491], Aside from Russian, Lenin spoke and read French, German, and English. [326] Lenin saw this as a revival of the Second International, which he had despised, and formulated his own rival international socialist conference to offset its impact. [196] The courts were replaced by a two-tier system, namely the Revolutionary Tribunals to deal with counter-revolutionary crimes,[197] and the People's Courts to deal with civil and other criminal offences. [358] Lenin explained the policy in a booklet, On the Food Tax, in which he stated that the NEP represented a return to the original Bolshevik economic plans; he claimed that these had been derailed by the civil war, in which Sovnarkom had been forced to resort to the economic policies of war communism. [225] By contrast, other Bolsheviks, in particular Nikolai Bukharin and the Left Communists, believed that peace with the Central Powers would be a betrayal of international socialism and that Russia should instead wage "a war of revolutionary defence" that would provoke an uprising of the German proletariat against their own government. The Bolsheviks capitalised on this, and soon the pro-Bolshevik Marxist Trotsky was elected leader of the Petrograd Soviet. [91] Lenin was involved in setting up a Bolshevik Centre in Kuokkala, Grand Duchy of Finland, which was at the time a semi-autonomous part of the Russian Empire, before the Bolsheviks regained dominance of the RSDLP at its Fifth Congress, held in London in May 1907. They took land from the Tsar, the church, nobles and other landlords, and redistributed it among the peasants in order to reform the agricultural sector and reward the peasants for their loyalty during the Revolution. [156] The Bolsheviks declared the formation of a new government, the Council of People's Commissars, or Sovnarkom. [547] The places where he had lived or stayed were converted into museums devoted to him. [293], Lenin tasked Trotsky with establishing a Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, and with his support, Trotsky organised a Revolutionary Military Council in September 1918, remaining its chairman until 1925. Skuola.net News è una testata giornalistica iscritta al "[536] Volkogonov believed that whereas Lenin established a "dictatorship of the Party", it would only be under Stalin that the Soviet Union became the "dictatorship of one man. By contrast, the Mensheviks believed that Russia was insufficiently developed to transition to socialism and accused Lenin of trying to plunge the new Republic into civil war. [47] While involved in producing a news sheet, Rabochee delo (Workers' Cause), he was among 40 activists arrested in St. Petersburg and charged with sedition. [300], In July 1918, Sverdlov informed Sovnarkom that the Ural Regional Soviet had overseen the execution of the former Tsar and his immediate family in Yekaterinburg to prevent them from being rescued by advancing White troops. group on December 24 and draft resolutions of the Congress were first published in 1930; report on the work of the Council of People’s Commissars, and reply to the debate were published in 1921 in the book The Eighth All-Russia Congress of Soviets. SPEDIZIONI GRATIS PER ORDINI SUPERIORI A 50€ Home; Uomo. [510] Service described Lenin as "a bit of a snob in national, social and cultural terms. [176] The only individual to have anywhere near this influence was Lenin's right-hand man, Yakov Sverdlov, who died in March 1919 during a flu pandemic. [135], Sensing growing frustration among Bolshevik supporters, Lenin suggested an armed political demonstration in Petrograd to test the government's response. [178] In January 1918, he survived an assassination attempt in Petrograd; Fritz Platten, who was with Lenin at the time, shielded him and was injured by a bullet. "[475] In Volkogonov's view, Lenin accepted Marxism as "absolute truth", and accordingly acted like "a religious fanatic. [472] According to Service, Lenin developed an "emotional attachment" to his ideological heroes, such as Marx, Engels and Chernyshevsky; he owned portraits of them,[473] and privately described himself as being "in love" with Marx and Engels. His grandmother Helene Indenbirken was a German citizen but she was born as Yelena Smirnova in Russia. [529] Conversely, the majority of Western historians have perceived him as a person who manipulated events in order to attain and then retain political power, moreover considering his ideas as attempts to ideologically justify his pragmatic policies. [175] Lenin was the most significant figure in this governance structure as well as being the Chairman of Sovnarkom and sitting on the Council of Labour and Defence, and on the Central Committee and Politburo of the Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed a variant of it known as Leninism. [247] A prominent example of Lenin's views was his August 1918 telegram to the Bolsheviks of Penza, which called upon them to suppress a peasant insurrection by publicly hanging at least 100 "known kulaks, rich men, [and] bloodsuckers. [440], Before 1914, Lenin's views were largely in accordance with mainstream European Marxist orthodoxy. "[477] Biographer Christopher Read suggested that Lenin was "a secular equivalent of theocratic leaders who derive their legitimacy from the [perceived] truth of their doctrines, not popular mandates. Registro degli Operatori della Comunicazione. The graduation celebrations were marred when his sister Olga died of typhoid. [335] For this conference, he authored "Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, a short book articulating his criticism of elements within the British and German communist parties who refused to enter their nations' parliamentary systems and trade unions; instead he urged them to do so to advance the revolutionary cause. [271] Many Bolsheviks expressed disapproval of the Cheka's mass executions and feared the organisation's apparent unaccountability. Russia - Ritorno di Lenin Appunto di storia su: ritorno di Lenin, un rivoluzionario di professione - le tesi di aprile - consenso popolare verso il bolscevismo Lenin's Bolshevik government initially shared power with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, elected soviets, and a multi-party Constituent Assembly, although by 1918 it had centralised power in the new Communist Party. [423] During this process, Lenin's brain was removed; in 1925 an institute was established to dissect it, revealing that Lenin had suffered from severe sclerosis. Trotsky and other Bolsheviks were sceptical, but agreed to the invasion. [144], In August 1917, while Lenin was in Finland, General Lavr Kornilov, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, sent troops to Petrograd in what appeared to be a military coup attempt against the Provisional Government. [169], Although ultimate power officially rested with the country's government in the form of Sovnarkom and the Executive Committee (VTSIK) elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (ARCS), the Communist Party was de facto in control in Russia, as acknowledged by its members at the time. Moscow and the South, the Caucasus and Poland are ready to join the proletariat of St. Petersburg. [202] Embracing the equality of the sexes, laws were introduced that helped to emancipate women, by giving them economic autonomy from their husbands and removing restrictions on divorce. [483] He could be "venomous in his critique of others", exhibiting a propensity for mockery, ridicule, and ad hominem attacks on those who disagreed with him. [199], In October 1917, Lenin issued a decree limiting work for everyone in Russia to eight hours per day. [103] With his wife and sisters he then moved to France, settling first in Bombon and then Paris. The coup petered out before it reached Petrograd, but the events had allowed the Bolsheviks to return to the open political arena. [523] Conversely, many later Western communists, such as Manuel Azcárate and Jean Ellenstein, who were involved in the Eurocommunist movement, expressed the view that Lenin and his ideas were irrelevant to their own objectives, thereby embracing a Marxist but not Marxist–Leninist perspective. [51] His journey to eastern Siberia took 11 weeks, for much of which he was accompanied by his mother and sisters. [25], Lenin's mother was concerned by her son's radicalisation, and was instrumental in convincing the Interior Ministry to allow him to return to the city of Kazan, but not the university. [553] Material, such as Lenin's collection of books in Kraków, were also collected from abroad for storage in the institute, often at great expense. [54] Keen to keep up with developments in German Marxism, where there had been an ideological split, with revisionists like Eduard Bernstein advocating a peaceful, electoral path to socialism, Lenin remained devoted to violent revolution, attacking revisionist arguments in A Protest by Russian Social-Democrats. Some later biographers such as Read and Lars Lih sought to avoid making either hostile or positive comments about him, thereby evading politicised stereotypes. The proposal was strongly opposed by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. [546] Libraries, streets, farms, museums, towns, and whole regions were named after him,[546] with the city of Petrograd being renamed "Leningrad" in 1924,[548] and his birthplace of Simbirsk becoming Ulyanovsk.