guerra in croazia

As in the case of Central Bosnia, there exist competing narratives as to how the conflict broke out in Mostar. [359], Bosnian commander Sefer Halilović was charged with one count of violation of the laws and customs of war on the basis of superior criminal responsibility of the incidents during Operation Neretva '93 and found not guilty. I serbi delinearono una nuova linea di confine all'interno della Croazia, separando territori sia con popolazione in maggioranza serba che territori con una significativa minoranza,[8] tentando di conquistare quanto più territorio croato possibile. [362], In April 2010, Croatia's president Ivo Josipović made an official visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina during which he expressed a "deep regret" for Croatia's contribution in the "suffering of people and division" that still exists in the Bosnia and Herzegovina. [182][149] The massacre in Ahmići on 16 April 1993 was the culmination of the operation. During a simultaneous attack from the north and south, at one point the ARBiH broke through HVO lines in Vitez, but were ultimately forced back after heavy fighting. [112], During the Croat-Bosniak conflict, HV units were deployed on the frontlines against the VRS in eastern Herzegovina. [135] According to a HVO report after the battle, the HVO had 5 killed and 18 wounded soldiers. [87][88] Venne rivelato in seguito che Slobodan Miloševic e Borisav Jović, allora presidente della Jugoslavia, concepirono un piano per un attacco militare alla Slovenia, seguito da un ritiro. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) convicted 17 HVO and Herzeg-Bosnia officials, six of whom were convicted for participating in a joint criminal enterprise that sought to annex or control Croat-majority parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and two ARBiH officials for war crimes committed during the conflict. [87], In June 1992 the VRS launched Operation Corridor against HV-HVO forces in Bosnian Posavina to secure an open road between Belgrade, Banja Luka and Knin. [172], Dopo l'accordo di Erdut che mise fine alla guerra d'indipendenza croata nel 1995, lentamente le relazioni tra Serbia e Croazia migliorarono, con l'avvio di contatti diplomatici nel 1996. [297], Among the explanations of the Croat-Bosniak war[298] is that the Croatian policy towards Bosnia and Herzegovina was dictated by Tuđman's personal views and his close associates, in particular the Defence Minister Gojko Šušak and the so-called Herzegovina lobby,[36] an interpretation that Croatian-American historian James J. Sadkovich described as a "classic conspiracy theory". [49] The HVO took full control over Busovača on 10 May and blockaded the town, following an incident in which an HVO member was injured. It included the struggle for nearby mountains to the west, but the attack was repelled by the HVO. [47] Each side held separate discussions with the Serbs, and soon there were complaints from both sides against the other. [183] Captured soldiers and civilians were detained in a music school. The UN confirmed that Maglaj was completely surrounded. The agreement led to the establishment of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and joint operations against the Serb forces, which helped alter the military balance and bring the Bosnian War to an end. The El Mudžahid detachment was incorporated into the ARBiH in August 1993. According to The Military Balance 1993–1994 edition, the HVO had around 50 main battle tanks, mainly T-34 and T-55, and 500 various artillery weapons, most of which belonged to HVO Herzegovina. [360] General Mehmed Alagić was indicted by the ICTY but died in 2003. Il numero stimato delle vittime causate dall'assedio di Vukovar oscilla tra le 1798 e 5000 persone. [179] In the morning of 15 April, HVO commander Živko Totić was kidnapped in Zenica and his escort was killed by the mujahideen. The ARBiH deployed parts of its 3rd and 6th Corps, about 6–8,000 soldiers versus around 2,500 HVO soldiers in the enclave. [60] Boban later blocked the delivery of arms to the ARBiH, which were secretly bought despite the United Nations embargo. After the successful HVO attack on Vranica, 10 Bosniak POWs from the building were later killed. [277] By 1995, the balance of power had shifted significantly. [190] The siege on Stari Vitez continued from April 1993 to February 1994. Verbal conflict escalated into an armed one in which an ARBiH soldier was killed. Regione istriana. The HVO and ARBiH were to be placed under joint command. [163] Le prove esposte al processo hanno mostrato in maniera chiara come la Serbia e la Repubblica Federale di Jugoslavia finanziarono il prosieguo della guerra in Croazia, fornendo inoltre armi e materiali a sostegno dei serbi residenti in Bosnia e Croazia e dimostrando altresì la messa in funzione di strutture amministrative per perseguire tali scopi. [275] In the course of the conflict, the ARBiH captured around 4% of territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the HVO, mostly in central Bosnia and northern Herzegovina. Tale numero sembra però inferiore alla realtà, dato che molte morti non sono state registrate. [42][39] On 8 April, Bosnian Croats were organized into the Croatian Defence Council (HVO). The main tactical unit of the ARBiH was a brigade which had three to four subordinate infantry battalions and supporting forces. Dozens of Croat soldiers and civilians were killed in a surprise ARBiH attack. Izetbegović was elected as the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosniak civilians were detained or forced to leave and the villages sustained significant damage. [147] Molte fonti internazionali stimano il numero totale dei serbi deportati attorno a 300.000. [231][232] In the fighting several dozens of soldiers died on both sides while 350 HVO soldiers were captured. [344], On 18 September 1997 a terrorist attack was carried out in Mostar. The Bosniaks stated that the local Croatian warlord made an arrangement with Serb commanders to allow Serb and Croat civilians to be evacuated, often for ransom, but not Bosniaks. The HVO attempted a counterattack from its positions to the southwest of the town on 5 August, but the ARBiH was able to repel the attack. On the same day, however, the HVO and the HDZ BiH adopted a statement in Čitluk claiming Izetbegović was not the legitimate president of Bosnia and Herzegovina, that he represented only Bosniaks, and that the ARBiH was a Bosniak military force. Out of 16 municipalities of the Vrbas region, two municipalities were affected by the Croat-Bosniak conflict: Bugojno and Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje. [151] Despite the growing tensions, the transfer of weapons from Croatia to BiH continued throughout March and April. [141], Ratko Mladić, commander-in-chief of the VRS, commenting on the Croat-Bosniak war. Questo in seguito divenne il governo della secessionista Repubblica Serba di Krajina (RSK)[47]. [206] The HVO expelled the Bosniak population from western Mostar, while thousands of men were taken to improvised prison camps in Dretelj and Heliodrom. Car Sobol NOP Ck 0508.jpg 800 × 1,107; 814 KB. The HVO responded with capturing three villages northeast of Jablanica. [13] The Croatian government began arming Croats in the Herzegovina region as early as October or November 1991,[14] expecting that the Serbs would spread the war into Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nel gennaio 1992 scattò il ventunesimo cessate il fuoco sotto l'egida delle Nazioni Unite, prontamente disatteso il 7 gennaio dello stesso anno da un pilota dell'Esercito Popolare Jugoslavo (JNA), Emir Šišić, che abbatté un elicottero della Comunità europea in volo da Belgrado alla Croazia senza preavviso e senza motivazione[122]; un secondo elicottero atterrò immediatamente per scampare all'attacco. [7] Josip Jović fu il primo poliziotto ucciso dalle forze serbe nel corso dell'incidente dei Laghi di Plitvice avvenuto alla fine di marzo 1991. By March 1991, the JNA had distributed an estimated 51,900 firearms to Serb paramilitaries and 23,298 firearms to the SDS. He was sentenced to 12 years in May 2006. Lernen Sie die Übersetzung für 'guerra' in LEOs Italiano ⇔ Tedesco Wörterbuch. La dottrina precedente della "difesa popolare", nata all'epoca di Tito, in base alla quale ogni repubblica manteneva dei propri reparti della Forze di difesa territoriale, in croato Teritorijalna odbrana (TO), sarebbe da quel momento stata sostituita con un sistema di difesa controllato dal Centro della Federazione. [207] HVO soldiers and non-Bosniak civilians were transferred to prison camps, mostly to the Iskra Stadium Camp where they were held for months in deplorable conditions. [45] On 15 April 1992, the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) was formed, with slightly over two-thirds of troops consisting of Bosniaks and almost one-third of Croats and Serbs. Momčilo Krajišnik, of the SDS, was elected as the speaker of Parliament of Bosnia and Herzegovina. [34], L'indebolimento del regime comunista, diede la possibilità ai movimenti nazionalisti di espandersi politicamente, anche all'interno della Lega dei Comunisti di Jugoslavia. The HOS forces in central Bosnia merged with the HVO in April 1993. [218], The ARBiH continued its offensive to the east of the city and secured a corridor from Zenica to Travnik. [72] These conflicts lasted for several days until a ceasefire was negotiated by the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR). On 18 March, at a ceremony hosted by US President Bill Clinton, Bosnian Prime Minister Haris Silajdžić, Croatian Foreign Minister Mate Granić and President of Herzeg-Bosnia Krešimir Zubak signed the ceasefire agreement. A car bomb exploded in front of a police station in the western part of the city, injuring 29 people. [56], Immediatamente dopo il referendum che sancì l'indipendenza della Slovenia del 23 dicembre 1990 e dopo la nuova costituzione croata, l'esercito jugoslavo annunciò che nel paese, la Jugoslavia, si sarebbe applicata una nuova dottrina militare. [339] In total Croat damaged or destroyed 201 mosques in the war. Kljuić favored that Croats stay within a unified Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Bosniak line. [106][107][108][109][110][111], Nel settembre, le truppe serbe accerchiarono completamente la città di Vukovar. [62] At a session held on 6 August, the Bosnian Presidency accepted HVO as an integral part of the Bosnian armed forces. [159] On 2 January, Bosnian Croat authorities agreed to the plan in its entirety. L'incontro non venne giocato a causa dei disordini sugli spalti tra le tifoserie delle due squadre e la polizia. These units occupied the high ground east, south, and west of Žepče, while bitter street fighting took place in the town between the HVO and local Bosniak forces. [32] On 16 January, a rally celebrating Croatian independence was held in Busovača. The HVO had some 2,500–3,000 soldiers, most of them on the defence lines against the VRS. The HVO was pushed to Novi Travnik and Vitez. However, the exact circumstances that caused the outbreak are not known. Costituzione, leggi e altri atti del Parlamento croato, Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences (UWE), http://www.veritas.org.rs/bilteni/Bilten17.pdf, http://www.b92.net/download/osijek/doc05.pdf, Official Documents System of the United Nations. [289], There were three phases of the engagement of regular Croatian forces in the Bosnian war. Each district of Herzeg-Bosnia was responsible for its own defence until the formation of four Operative Zones with headquarters in Mostar, Tomislavgrad, Vitez and Orašje. His attempts to remain neutral were met with disfavor in Croatia, which at the time had different and clearer military and strategic objectives. Another round of fighting started in mid June when the ARBiH attacked HVO-held Kreševo, south of Kiseljak. A front line was established through the center of town. [182], On 18 April, a truck bomb was detonated near the mosque in Stari Vitez, resulting in the destruction of the War Presidency office, the deaths of at least six people and injury to 50 people. Izetbegović proposed an asymmetrical federation on 22 February, where Slovenia and Croatia would maintain loose ties with the 4 remaining republics. [155] The Vance–Owen Peace Plan (VOPP) proposed to divide Bosnia into ten ethnically based autonomous provinces or cantons, three of which would be Serb, three Bosniak, three would be Croat, and Sarajevo would be a separate province. "[259], The confrontation lines had mostly been stabilized by late September with fighting taking place over secondary locations. On 13 July the ARBiH mounted another offensive and captured Buna and Blagaj, south of Mostar. The outnumbered Croat forces were reduced to isolated positions in Bosanski Brod and Orašje, but were able to repel VRS attacks during August and September. [241] Fighting shifted to the Busovača area on 23 September where the ARBiH used 120-mm mortar rounds to shell the town. Molti furono espulsi con la forza o esclusi dalla gestione della regione autonoma. [324][325], In August 1997, Bosniak returnees to Jajce were attacked by mobs, involving HVO militia, upon the instigation of local political leaders, including Dario Kordić, former Vice-President of Herzeg-Bosnia. Of the 539 deaths, 49.5% were of civilians and 50.5% were of combatants. [150] The Croats attributed the escalation to the increased Islamic policy of the Sarajevo Government, while Bosniaks accused the Croat side of separatism. In alcune occasioni, le forze della JNA presero le parti dei serbi in Croazia. I danni alle infrastrutture sono valutati pari a 37 miliardi di dollari cui vanno sommate le perdite delle esportazioni e i costi collegati alla creazione di rifugiati. 3 Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted Into U.N. Republika Hrvatska i Domovinski rat 1990. [137][138][139] Dai 196.000[140] ai 221.000[141] o ai 247.000 (al 1993)[142] croati ed altre persone non serbe vennero sfollate dalla Krajina o dalle zone limitrofe. André Salles, Luca Andrade, Ana Clara Souza Massacro di Vukovar Iugoslavia: fondata nel 1945 Unione tra 6 repubbliche (Serbia, Slovenia, Croazia, Bosnia Ed Erzegovina, Montenegro e Macedonia) e due provincie autonome (Kosovo e [180], Il conflitto si sviluppò quando l'attenzione mondiale era incentrata nella guerra del Golfo in Iraq e nel crescente prezzo del petrolio, fenomeno accompagnato da una flessione della crescita economica mondiale. [140] Bosniak authorities forbade Croats from leaving towns such as Bugojno and Zenica, and would periodically organise exchanges of local Croats for Muslims. [189] In Busovača, the ARBiH opened artillery and mortar fire on the town and attacked it on 19 April. [352] In December 2004, Dario Kordić, former Vice President of Herzeg-Bosnia, was sentenced to 25 years of prison for war crimes aimed at ethnically cleansing Bosniaks in the area of central Bosnia. by Andrea Spehar Lesbian life in Croatia today is a life of women who are victims of totalitarian systems forced to hide their sexuality and to have a dual life--the private and the public. [152] The increase in the relative power of the Bosniak side led to a change in relationship between Croats and Bosniaks in central Bosnia. [22] Le più ricche repubbliche federate, all'epoca note come Repubblica Socialista di Slovenia e Repubblica Socialista di Croazia, tendevano al decentramento e alla democrazia. [207] Captured civilians and POWs were detained by the ARBiH in a cellar of the JNA barracks in Travnik. war. [302] Tuđman supported Croatia's territorial integrity, but held that the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina were open to negotiation. [248], By the end of October, Vareš was completely cleansed of its Bosniak inhabitants, with its Croat residents looting abandoned Bosniak homes and businesses. The JNA moved relieved troops from the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) into Bosnia and Herzegovina, where they were stationed at strategic routes and around major towns. The first foreign group to arrive was led by Abu Abdul Al-Aziz from Saudi Arabia. [77] The HOS included Croats and Bosniaks in its ranks and initially cooperated with both the ARBiH and the HVO. [123] The mujahideen received financial support from Iran and Saudi Arabia. La Croazia siglò l'accordo in un'ottica di preparazione per la lotta contro i serbi (soprattutto in Croazia). [101], By 1993, the ARBiH had around 20 main battle tanks, including T-55 tanks, 30 APCs and some heavy artillery pieces. [2], The ARBiH had logistics centres in Zagreb and Rijeka for the recruitment of men and received weapons and ammunition from Croatia despite the UN arms embargo. [44] The HOS, however, did not function integrally throughout the country. Until the summer, most of the fighting took place in the northern area of the enclave and west of the town of Kiseljak. [349] Local HVO Commander Anto Furundžija was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment for violations of the laws and customs of war in July 2000. Dopo la cessazione delle ostilità venne firmato un nuovo accordo che portava la sacca di Medack sotto il pieno controllo delle Nazioni Unite. The VRS artillery shelled HVO positions on the hills overlooking Mostar. The first of these disputes occurred in May in Busovača over the Kaonik Barracks and in Novi Travnik over an arms factory and the distribution of supplies from a TO depot. [41] Il 4 marzo 1990, si tenne a Petrova Gora una manifestazione alla quale parteciparono almeno 50.000 serbi. [47] L'organizzazione Helsinki Watch ha riportato che autorità serbe di Krajina fecero passare per le armi i serbi che manifestarono il desiderio di trovare un accordo con i funzionari croati. According to Izetbegović, by mid 1993 the ARBiH had brought in 30,000 rifles and machine-guns, 20 million bullets, 37,000 mines, and 46,000 anti-tank missiles. In July, disputes arose in Vareš and in Vitez, where an explosives factory was located, and the HVO secured the JNA barracks in Kiseljak. [283] Nonetheless news stories were fabricated to incite hatred,[284] and state controlled television and radio pushed anti-Bosniak propaganda, escalating tensions between Bosniaks and Croats in Croatia. Mentre Serbia e Croazia non si dichiararono mai guerra, la Serbia venne, direttamente ed indirettamente, coinvolta nel conflitto attraverso una serie di azioni[159] determinate anche dal fatto che essa possedeva gran parte del materiale bellico dell'ex armata popolare jugoslava (JNA). [346][345], A terrorist attack was also conducted in Croatia. The Croats in Vareš attempted to balance their relationship with the Bosniaks and Herzeg-Bosnia. A brigade numbered between few hundred to several thousand men, but most had 2–3,000. [215][216] On 10 June the ARBiH shelled Vitez, during which eight children had been killed in a playground by an artillery shell. [116] Ulteriori 22 000 furono costretti ad abbandonare la città immediatamente dopo che venne catturata.[117][118]. [41] In mid-April 1992, the HVO proposed a joint military headquarters for the HVO and the TO, but Izetbegović ignored the request. He was criticized by Tuđman for acceding to Izetbegović's policies. It included 13 infantry brigades, 12 separate platoons, one military police battalion, one engineer battalion, and a presidential escort company. [220] This incident was extensively reported in the Western media and caused immense bad publicity for the HVO. [77] Non fu immediatamente chiaro chi dovevano essere i membri del comitato, a parte il ministro della difesa Veljko Kadijević, né tantomeno chi avrebbe recitato il ruolo di comandante in capo della JNA. [22][24][25], Man mano che Slovenia e Croazia maturavano sempre più consapevolezza verso una maggiore autonomia nella federazione, mirando allo status di Stati confederati o addirittura indipendenti, iniziarono a levitare sentimenti nazionalisti, soprattutto tra le file degli iscritti alla Lega dei Comunisti, ancora partito unico al potere. [265], A short ceasefire went into effect on Christmas, but the ARBiH offensive on the Vitez enclave resumed in the early morning of 9 January 1994. [59] According to Sabrina P. Ramet, it was done in an effort to confuse foreign audiences of his intents[301] and placate the international community. [49], In base al censimento del 1991, la percentuale di coloro i quali si dichiaravano serbi era del 12%; il 78% della popolazione si dichiarava croato. Their strength was estimated at up to 4,000 fighters. [48] In February 1992, in the first of several meetings, Josip Manolić, Tuđman's aide and previously the Croatian Prime Minister, met with Radovan Karadžić in Graz, Austria. [154], The UN, the United States, and the European Community (EC) supported a series of peace plans for Bosnia and Herzegovina. [25], The HDZ BiH leadership was split regarding the establishment of the two Croatian communities. [273], At the end of the war, the HVO held an estimated 13% of territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the ARBiH-held territory was estimated at 21% of the country. [321] The return of Croat refugees in the Travnik municipality was obstructed by local officials. They seized the high ground on the strategically important Bila hill, but the Bosniak forces soon resumed their offensive. Yugoslav Wars. [157] In May, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights Tadeusz Mazowiecki said that the Vance-Owen plan was encouraging ethnic cleansing. In Croazia ci si riferisce a tale conflitto principalmente come "Guerra della Patria", in croato "Domovinski rat", ma anche come "Aggressione grande-serba", in croato "Velikosrpska agresija". In the process HVO soldiers destroyed the village, dynamited and looted buildings, and killed any resident that did not manage to flee in time. [312] An Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was to be created by merging units from the ARBiH and the HVO, though this process was largely ineffective. [83][103] This practice lasted until at most April 1993. [328] French and British military intelligence estimated that as many as 2,000 mujahideen remained in Bosnia in late 1995, while some diplomats said there were twice as many of them left. Jure Pelivan, of the HDZ, was elected as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina. UN to hear Croatia genocide claim against Serbia: HZMO: Invalidsku mirovinu primaju 45.703 hrvatska ratna vojna invalida, U protekle tri godine novih 8 tisuća invalida Domovinskog rata, Oboljeli od PTSP-a: Blokirat ćemo sve domove zdravlja, Non-Serbs in Croatian Zone Forced to Leave, Serbian Refugees Uneasy in the Role of Occupiers, Croatia: Selected Developments in Transitional Justice, "Cleansing" row prompts crisis in Vojvodina, Killed and missing persons from the territories of Republic Croatia and former Republic of Serb Krayina | the Polynational War Memorial, Genocide After Emotion: The Postemotional Balkan War, Zločini nad Srbima na prostoru Hrvatske u periodu 90–99, World Veterans Federation – Alphabetical List by Country, UN agency welcomes Serbia-Croatia agreement on refugee, return issues, Milan Martić sentenced to 35 years for crimes against humanity and war crimes, U.N.'s Yugoslavia Envoy Says Rising War-Weariness Led to the Cease-Fire, Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts, established pursuant to UN Security Council resolution 780 (1992), Annex III.A Special forces; sotto la direzione di: M. Cherif Bassiouni; S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol. The cheapest way to get from Museo Della Fine Della Guerra to Kempinski Hotel Adriatic Istria Croatia, Savudrija costs only 271 kn, and the quickest way takes just … Izetbegović concentrated all his forces on retaining control of Sarajevo. ", "HOS, as a regular army in Bosnia-Herzegovina, will fight for the freedom and sovereignty of Bosnia-Herzegovina because it is our homeland [and will] not allow any divisions. [340] In contrast the ARBiH generally had respectful attitudes/policies toward the religious property of Christian communities, investigated such attacks, and attempted to keep co-existence possible. [208], On 30 June the ARBiH captured the Tihomir Mišić barracks on the east bank of the Neretva, a hydroelectric dam on the river and the main northern approaches to the city. Course of the war [45], Disagreements between Croats and Bosniaks first surfaced over the distribution of arms and ammunition from captured JNA barracks. [351], In July 2004, Tihomir Blaškić, the commander of HVO's Operative Zone Central Bosnia, was sentenced to 9 years for inhuman and cruel treatment of Bosniak detainees. Secondo l'UNHCR, nel 2008 erano ritornate in Croazia 125.000 persone, 55.000 delle quali per rimanervi stabilmente. [203] The 4th Corps of the ARBiH was based in eastern Mostar and under the command of Arif Pašalić. In Vareš he and an armed extremist group carried out a local coup, jailing and replacing the mayor and police chief. [143] Owen later defended his plan against such claims, saying that those who connect ethnic cleansing and a civil war between the Croats and Bosniaks to the Vance-Owen Peace Plan are wrong as their alliance was breaking apart throughout 1992. The HVO units holding the front lines were struck from the rear and the headquarters in Travnik was surrounded. [286] Later propaganda moved to specific attacks on Islam, regularly decrying the danger of fundamentalist extremism. [236] The attack started from the south of the town and was followed by a strike on villages north and northeast of Kiseljak.